What are 5 Different Ways To Create Objects In Java? Explained With Example

While being a Java developer we usually create lots of objects daily, but we always use the new or dependency management systems e.g. Spring to create these objects. However, there are more ways to create objects which we are going to study in this article.

There are total 5 core ways to create objects in Java which are explained below with their example followed by bytecode of the line which is creating the object. However, lots of Apis are out there are which creates objects for us but these Apis will also are using one of these 5 core ways indirectly e.g. Spring BeanFactory.

If you will execute program given in the end, you will see method 1, 2, 3 uses the constructor to create the object while 4, 5 doesn’t call the constructor to create the object.

1. Using the new keyword

It is the most common and regular way to create an object and actually very simple one also. By using this method we can call whichever constructor we want to call (no-arg constructor as well as parametrised).

 Employee emp1 = new Employee();

 0: new           #19              // class org/programming/mitra/exercises/Employee
 3: dup
 4: invokespecial #21              // Method org/programming/mitra/exercises/Employee."":()V

2. Using Class.newInstance() method

We can also use the newInstance() method of the Class class to create objects, This newInstance() method calls the no-arg constructor to create the object.
We can create objects by newInstance() in the following way.

Employee emp2 = (Employee) Class.forName("org.programming.mitra.exercises.Employee")
                               .newInstance();

Or

Employee emp2 = Employee.class.newInstance();

51: invokevirtual    #70    // Method java/lang/Class.newInstance:()Ljava/lang/Object;

3. Using newInstance() method of Constructor class

Similar to the newInstance() method of Class class, There is one newInstance() method in the java.lang.reflect.Constructor class which we can use to create objects. We can also call a parameterized constructor, and private constructor by using this newInstance() method.

Both newInstance() methods are known as reflective ways to create objects. In fact newInstance() method of Class class internally uses newInstance() method of Constructor class. That's why the later one is preferred and also used by different frameworks like Spring, Hibernate, Struts etc. To know the differences between both newInstance() methods read Creating objects through Reflection in Java with Example.

Constructor<Employee> constructor = Employee.class.getConstructor();
Employee emp3 = constructor.newInstance();

111: invokevirtual  #80  // Method java/lang/reflect/Constructor.newInstance:([Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;

4. Using clone() method

Whenever we call clone() on any object JVM actually creates a new object for us and copy all content of the previous object into it. Creating an object using the clone method does not invoke any constructor.

To use the clone() method on an object we need to implements Cloneable and define clone() method in it.

Employee emp4 = (Employee) emp3.clone();

162: invokevirtual #87  // Method org/programming/mitra/exercises/Employee.clone ()Ljava/lang/Object;

Java cloning is the most debatable topic in Java community and it surely does have its drawbacks but it is still the most popular and easy way of creating a copy of any object until that object is full filling mandatory conditions of Java cloning. I have covered cloning in details in a 3 article long  Java Cloning Series which includes articles like Java Cloning And Types Of Cloning (Shallow And Deep) In Details With Example, Java Cloning - Copy Constructor Versus Cloning, Java Cloning - Even Copy Constructors Are Not Sufficient. Please go ahead and read them if you want to know more about cloning.

5. Using deserialization

Whenever we serialize and then deserialize an object JVM creates a separate object for us. In deserialization, JVM doesn’t use any constructor to create the object.
To deserialize an object we need to implement the Serializable interface in our class.

ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("data.obj"));
Employee emp5 = (Employee) in.readObject();

261: invokevirtual  #118   // Method java/io/ObjectInputStream.readObject:()Ljava/lang/Object;

As we can see in above bytecodes all 4 methods call get converted to invokevirtual (object creation is directly handled by these methods) except the first one which got converted to two calls one is new and other is invokespecial (call to the constructor).

I have discussed serialization and deserialization in more details in serialization series which includes articles like Everything You Need To Know About Java Serialization, How To Customize Serialization In Java By Using Externalizable Interface, How To Deep Clone An Object Using Java In Memory Serialization. Please go ahead and read them if you want to know more about serialization.

Example

Let’s consider an Employee class for which we are going to create the objects

class Employee implements Cloneable, Serializable {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    private String name;

    public Employee() {
        System.out.println("Employee Constructor Called...");
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        final int prime = 31;
        int result = 1;
        result = prime * result + ((name == null) ? 0 : name.hashCode());
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        if (this == obj)
            return true;
        if (obj == null)
            return false;
        if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
            return false;
        Employee other = (Employee) obj;
        if (name == null) {
            if (other.name != null)
                return false;
        } else if (!name.equals(other.name))
            return false;
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Employee [name=" + name + "]";
    }

    @Override
    public Object clone() {

        Object obj = null;
        try {
            obj = super.clone();
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return obj;
    }
}

In below Java program, we are going to create Employee objects in all 5 ways, you can also found the complete source code at Github.

public class ObjectCreation {
    public static void main(String... args) throws Exception {

        // By using new keyword
        Employee emp1 = new Employee();
        emp1.setName("Naresh");

        System.out.println(emp1 + ", hashcode : " + emp1.hashCode());


        // By using Class class's newInstance() method
        Employee emp2 = (Employee) Class.forName("org.programming.mitra.exercises.Employee")
                               .newInstance();

        // Or we can simply do this
        // Employee emp2 = Employee.class.newInstance();

        emp2.setName("Rishi");

        System.out.println(emp2 + ", hashcode : " + emp2.hashCode());


        // By using Constructor class's newInstance() method
        Constructor<Employee> constructor = Employee.class.getConstructor();
        Employee emp3 = constructor.newInstance();
        emp3.setName("Yogesh");

        System.out.println(emp3 + ", hashcode : " + emp3.hashCode());

        // By using clone() method
        Employee emp4 = (Employee) emp3.clone();
        emp4.setName("Atul");

        System.out.println(emp4 + ", hashcode : " + emp4.hashCode());


        // By using Deserialization

        // Serialization
        ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("data.obj"));

        out.writeObject(emp4);
        out.close();

        //Deserialization
        ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("data.obj"));
        Employee emp5 = (Employee) in.readObject();
        in.close();

        emp5.setName("Akash");
        System.out.println(emp5 + ", hashcode : " + emp5.hashCode());

    }
}

This program will give the following output

Employee Constructor Called...
Employee [name=Naresh], hashcode : -1968815046
Employee Constructor Called...
Employee [name=Rishi], hashcode : 78970652
Employee Constructor Called...
Employee [name=Yogesh], hashcode : -1641292792
Employee [name=Atul], hashcode : 2051657
Employee [name=Akash], hashcode : 63313419